Approaches to Research for Ethical Considerations - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theApproaches to Research for Ethical Considerations. Answer: Grace Skrzypiec, (2013). Adolescents Beliefs About Why Young People Commit Crime. School of Education, Finders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia For so long research has been conducted on various issues affecting human life either socially, politically or economically. The research works usually come out with conclusion and recommendations on the various research topics. However, we should not blindly accept the conclusions or recommended given by the researchers since there a lot of assumptions, biases and limitations that may come up during the research. This essay is a critique of two research papers by comprehensively analyzing the research methods, underlying philosophical assumptions, ethical considerations, study limitations and discussion of results and the reached conclusion. We should always analyze how the research was conducted before we can accept its findings and conclusion. This will help us to be critical and informed consumers of research and have an insight of the quality of any published research paper. Let me start by critically looking into Grace Skrzypiec publication titled Adolescents' Beliefs about Why Young People Commit Crime. The article is about a research conducted among 24 Australian female and male offenders and non-offenders on the possible factors that may motivate a youth to engage in crime. The participant's responses and explanations were in line with major criminology theories outlined by Agnew and Cullen. These theories include differential association, control and strain theories (Bao, 2016). The explanations of the participants also were in accordance with reputation enhancing goal theory. Empirically supported theories suggest that young people associated with crime or those committing crime have an insight on what causes crime (Gottfredson, 2017). Considering this notion it is likely that the young people engaging in crime have knowledge of what can be done to prevent them from offending. This research suggests that young people should be given more voice in m atters of criminal justice. The possible reasons the young people may engage in crime were not new. The research methods used in the research did not seek to differentiate the explanations given by young people of different age brackets but mainly concentrated on their collective perspectives. The number of participants involved in this research is small to make the assumption that it is an accurate representation of young people in across Australia. The research ignored the complexity that is involved in youths committing a crime and solely relied on the explanation and views of the selected participants who have little knowledge on criminology (Acland, C. R. (2018). Thorough research has to be done for people to understand the complexity of reasons making youths to engage in crime. The research had a limitation in that the adolescent participants who had engaged in crime were not directly asked what they thought had caused them to commit a crime (Felson, 2017). Further research has to be done to investigate o n what youth think should be done to prevent them from engaging in crime. In the research, the participants were biased in giving possible reasons for crimes since none of the participant's explanation sited low self-control as one of the main causes of them to engage in crime. The participants who were involved in the research had no knowledge of criminology at all. However, the experiment helped in proving the several criminology theories since the participant's responses were in line with the theories. The research also demonstrated that the young people are aware of the reasons that make them engage in crime and they may possibly know what they should do to avoid offending the law (Muncie, 2014). The research was well conducted considering the ethical considerations of any research. The confidentiality of the responses and explanations given by the participants was guaranteed during the research. The researchers also acquired the consent of the parents before they could engage the students who were also volunteers. The students were individually interviewed and a special attention was on the Aboriginal participants who make a large part of the population. The explanations of the participants were in line with the main criminology theory despite the fact that participants did not have any criminology knowledge (Steinberg, 2017). The research, therefore, served as a proof for the criminology theories. For instance, some of the participants cited that the anger as a result of parenting and living situation was a recipe to engage in crime. This is a successful illustration of the strain theory that suggests that situations that lead to frustration or anger may stimulate an individual to commit a crime (Robert, (2018). The research gave an insight of how youths think about the causes of crime and suggested that they should be given a chance to air their voices in criminal justice matters. Grace Skrzypiec, Philip T. Slee, Helen and Lawson (2012). Associations between types of involvement in bullying, friendships and mental health status, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties. The research article talks about the relationship between friendships, bullying and metal health status and behaviors. Bullying refers to the use of influence or force to physically or emotionally intimidate someone. Bullying is a phenomenon that is common at various levels in schools. Bullying is associated with several side effects to the victims (Bayer, 2018). A research that was conducted in twenty-eight countries found out that there is a significant association between victimization and psychological symptoms. The psychological effects of bullying that can be observed are loneliness, feeling nervous, helplessness and feeling "low". Research has also found out that the victims are at a higher risk of depression and psychosomatic complaints compared to the bullies. The psychosocial inclination of bullies is not well understood to bring out the association of being a bully and psychosomatic symptoms or depression (Smith, 2015).The involvement in bullying activities is strongly ass ociated with a wide range of mental health problems. The co-mobility of the mental health disorder is high among youths involved in bullying compared to those not exposed to bullying. According to Juvonen and Graham, it is more likely for bullies to show eternalizing symptoms which may include hyperactive disorders and conduct problems compared to victims and students not exposed to bullying at all. According to research done on the psychological alignment among the youths, the bullies and bullying victims are at a risk of psychosomatic problems irrespective of gender and this risk is higher among the bullying victims compared to the bullies. The research found out that male youths are more likely to be bullying victims and bullies compared to female youths. The research has clearly illustrated this considering the data displayed for the incidence of the victim among the male and female of different age groups. However, we cannot fully rely on this data since the research does not clearly elaborate on the data collection methods used. The data might have been manipulated consciously or unconsciously to meet person bias during the research. Furthermore, bullying is something that many youths do not want to be associated to and therefore it must have been very difficult to find bullies and bullying victims to interrogate and examine during the experiment (Zweers, 2015). The study also has a limitation since the sample was not random since it consisted of South Australian students only. What about the other parts of Australia and the rest of the world? Does the sample accurately represent the target population? The SDQ metho d used in this experiment also has its limitation since it is only indicative of mental health disorders and it is more suitable for clinical screening. The data used from this report was mainly self-reports from the participants and it is subject to bias, therefore, future research should also focus to triangulate another source of information such as from the participant's parents and teachers. The research also gave too much attention to the effects of bullying on mental health than considering its effects on the students' behavior. The results of the study can be taken to be a presentation of the theoretical literature on the association of bullying and mental health. The results and conclusion of the research show that students involved in bullying have the likelihood of being classified as "abnormal" on the SDQ. The research also found out that having friends can serve as a protective factor for mental problem among victims of bullying. Among the victims of bullying, having more than one friend was associated with moving from the difficulties score range on the SDQ. The research also gave a recommendation that the students involved in bullying require interventions to deal with the mental problems. The researcher really tried to find and prove the relationship that existed between bullying, friendship and mental health. The research helps learners and other experts to have an insight on the association of bullying and mental health problems. This can help in identification of victims of bullying in schools an d help them overcome the depression and other psychological symptoms. Bullying has negative effects on both the bullies and the victims and school administrations should put mechanisms in place to eradicate this vice. The victims of bullying are more exposed to mental health problems compared to the bullies and those not involved in bullying (Daneback, 2015). The research can be used as a guideline for future research on the same topic. References Acland, C. R. (2018). Youth, Murder, Spectacle: The Cultural Politics Of"" Youth In Crisis"". Routledge. Bao, W. N., Haas, A., Xie, Y. (2016). Life strain, social control, social learning, and delinquency: the effects of gender, age, and family SES among Chinese adolescents. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 60(12), 1446-1469. Bayer, J. K., Mundy, L., Stokes, I., Hearps, S., Allen, N., Patton, G. (2018). Bullying, mental health and friendship in Australian primary school children. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Bjereld, Y., Daneback, K., Gunnarsdttir, H., Petzold, M. (2015). Mental health problems and social resource factors among bullied children in the Nordic countries: a population based cross-sectional study. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 46(2), 281-288. Felson, M. (2017). Linking criminal choices, routine activities, informal control, and criminal outcomes. In The reasoning criminal (pp. 119-128). Routledge. Gottfredson, M. R. (2017). The empirical status of control theory in criminology. In Taking stock (pp. 85-108). Routledge. Muncie, J. (2014). Youth and crime. Sage. Robert, A. (2018). Stability and change in crime over the life course: A strain theory explanation. In Developmental theories of crime and delinquency (pp. 101-132). Routledge. Shulman, E. P., Monahan, K. C., Steinberg, L. (2017). Severe violence during adolescence and early adulthood and its relation to anticipated rewards and costs. Child development, 88(1), 16-26. Smith, P. K. (Ed.). (2015). Emotional and behavioural difficulties associated with bullying and cyberbullying. Routledge. Zweers, I., Scholte, R., Didden, R. (2017). Bullying Among Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders. In Handbook of Social Skills and Autism Spectrum Disorder (pp. 45-61). Springer, Cham.